Economic Recovery: We All Should Prepare for a Long Convalescence

September 5, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Economic Recovery: We All Should Prepare for a Long Convalescence

By Shlomo Maital

How quickly will economies in the US, Canada, Japan and Europe bounce back? Will it be fast, like China, or very slow, like the US?

   Bloomberg has been tracking this key issue, using a wide variety of indicators; the visual track for 10 countries is shown in the diagram.

   It has been 5 months since these economies bottomed out, with 60% – 80% decline in the economy, owing to lockdown, in a very short period of a month or six weeks.

   So far, no matter what the national strategy (or lack of one, as in the US) —   herd immunity (Sweden), local lockdown (Italy), school-opening and back-to-normal prematurely (US) —   economies are plateau-ing, at 60% to 80% of their previous pre-pandemic level. And in most of the 10, COVID-19 is making a comeback, in a second or third wave — with the age of those infected declining sharply, as young people emerge, head to bars, and parties, and colleges – and become ill.

   And, if that isn’t bad enough, a new forecast from the leading pandemic prediction institution, at Univ. of Washington, reports this: A new long-term forecast predicts a significant acceleration in Covid-19 deaths in the U.S. as colder weather takes hold. Under the latest projections from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington’s School of Medicine, deaths could rise to 410,000 by the end of 2020. In a worst-case scenario, there could be 620,000 fatalities, more than three times the number of Americans who have died over the past eight months. The difference between the projected and worst-case scenarios comes down to how diligent authorities are in mandating masks and social distancing, according to the report.

   Readers, fasten your seat belts. Many of us yearn for the good old days, like, those we have 6 months ago. It does not seem likely any time soon. Prepare yourself and your family for a rocky road to recovery. It will be a marathon, not a sprint. Even optimistists believe an effective vaccine won’t be available for many months – and then, how many vaccine-deniers will turn it down, lacking trust in leaders who follow politics rather than science?

   

Managing COVID-19 Tradeoffs: An Economics Lesson by a Pediatrician

September 1, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , | Leave a comment

Managing COVID-19 Tradeoffs: An Economic Lesson by a Pediatrician

By Shlomo Maital

   Well, it took a pediatrician to teach everyone a simple, powerful lesson in Economics. The pediatrician is Aaron E. Carroll, and he is Professor of Pediatrics at the Indiana University School of Medicine. His Op-Ed in today’s global New York Times * makes an important point.

   “…as we loosen restrictions in some areas, we should be increasing restrictions in others.”

   Simple? Obvious? As kids go back to school today, and joyously huddle with their friends, whom they haven’t seen for ages, the assumption is, if we’re clustering together in school, it’s OK to cluster together everywhere.

   It’s a free lunch. The logic is “both-and”. Both at school, and at home, and at parties, and …everywhere. Both-and is today’s social norm. We want it all.

   But there is a tradeoff at play here. If you take more risk in school, then you have to take less risk elsewhere, because – we cannot let risk rise infinitely, it is a kind of resource that is fixed in amount, and if we use too much of it, it will for sure come back and bite us hard…

     This is a very hard lesson for everyone to swallow, especially when the feeling is: We’ve quarantined, social-distanced for so long – now it’s over, time to huddle and cluster and gather.

     Not so. The second wave of COVID-19 has occurred mainly because of this false assumption.

     So let us each of us take responsibility and manage our risk tradeoffs. The question should be: what am I doing, that increases the risk of infecting myself and others? What can I do to reduce that, so that when I do join 10 others for prayer or socializing, my risk allocation is not excessive.

     Long ago, I taught managers a useful tool for managing business tradeoffs, known as “Even Swaps”, co-invented by Harvard Professor Howard Raiffa, a game-theory expert.** The idea here is simple. List all your options. Discard those that are ‘dominated’, that is – all other options are better in every way. This is easy.

    Next part is hard. For the remaining options, list the six common things for each that bring you joy. Score each 1 to 5, with 5 being “most joy”. Now — a short cut (Raiffa’s approach is more complex): Imagine yourself choosing each option: A, B, C….  and ask which– brings more joy? (Note: joy is not happiness…it is less ephemeral, less transient, deeper, with more meaning).

     And a supplemental tool. Of all the things I am now doing – ask yourself, which can I stop doing, totally, and as a result, find greater joy? In new product development, ‘addition’ (what feature can we add?) creates cluttered, costly, complicated, unfriendly devices. Best to start with subtraction: What can I REMOVE from this device, to make it better, friendlier, simpler, cheaper?   The same works in life. What can I stop doing? Specifically, what can I stop doing, that reduces risk of becoming infected and infecting others?

     The notion of giving up things we like is a tough one for modern society. Climate change policy, and its failures, are proof. But in a pandemic, as Dr. Carroll points out, recognizing trade-offs and managing them are vital. Thanks, Doc!  It took an MD to explain some basic Economics.

* “Most of us have the risk of COVID-19 exactly backwards”. Sept. 1, P. 11

** J S Hammond, R I Keeney, Howard Raiffa. “Even swaps: A rational method for making trade-offs”. Harvard Business Review, March-April 1998.

Mean Culture, Mean Politics: A New Pandemic

August 30, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Mean Culture, Mean Politics: A New Pandemic

By Shlomo Maital

  A long time ago, I stopped watching Reality shows, because they were actually Unreality shows. To raise ratings and gain viewers, shows like Survival, and Trump’s The Apprentice purposely encouraged betrayal, lying, cheating, conflict and utter cruelty, believing this is what viewers wanted to watch. This is the culture of meanness. It is not what I practice in life, nor those around me. And at the place where I work, if you behaved like the Reality shows, you would be out on your ear in minutes.

   Trump built a career in media by shouting “you’re fired!” – in the cruelest possible manner, to humiliate the candidates, on The Apprentice. Then, as President of the United States, he did the same – to his endless parade of hapless cabinet ministers. And in his recent 70-minute speech to the Republican Convention, he honed the politics of meanness, spewing hatred to the Democrats and to protesters and anyone who in any way opposed him.

   The culture of meanness, born on TV, is now succeeded by the politics of meanness and hatred. Your politics is defined by whom you hate, not whom you support and love. You seek election and re-election by fanning the flames of hatred. The ‘law and order’ mantra is a thinly-disguised slogan for hating people of color, who dare to protest and demand their rights.

   In his recent Op-Ed, New York Times columnist David Brooks paints a terrifying picture of where the politics and culture of being mean will lead us. And I have a dire prediction. Dnald J. Trump’s son Donald Jr. excelled in his Convention speech, in applying the politics of hatred, outdoing even his father (and that is very very hard to do)…and he will be the Crown Prince and successor to his vitriolic dad. So we will have a Trump fanning the flames of hatred for many many years to come (Don Jr. will be 43 in December).

     Here is an excerpt from David Brooks’ column. It is very disturbing… the way back to sanity from meanness is long, winding and difficult. Maybe even not feasible….:

“I’ve been thinking about the two families we’ve encountered over the past two weeks. The Biden family is emotionally open, rendered vulnerable by tragedy and driven by a powerful desire to connect. The Trump family is emotionally closed, isolated by enmity and driven by a powerful desire to dominate.   Occasionally this week one of the female members of the Trump family would struggle to stick her head above the muck of her family’s values and display some humanity. But Donald, Don Jr. and Eric showed no such impulse. Trump family values are mean world values. Mean world syndrome was a concept conceived in the 1970s by the communications professor George Gerbner. His idea was that people who see relentless violence on television begin to perceive the world as being more dangerous than it really is.   By the 1990s it was no longer violent programing that drove mean world culture, but reality television. That’s an entire industry designed to give the impression that human beings are inherently manipulative, selfish and petty. If you grow up watching those programs, or starring in them, naturally you believe that other people are fundamentally untrustworthy.  These days mean world culture is everywhere. It’s a siege mentality. Menace is everywhere. We’re on the brink of the cataclysm. This week’s Republican convention was a four-day cavalcade of the mean world alarmism.   Mean world thrives on fear and perpetuates itself by exaggerating fear. Its rhetorical ploy is catastrophizing and its tone is apocalyptic. The Democrats are not just wrong, many speakers asserted this week, they are “subverting our republic,” abolishing the suburbs, destroying Western civilization and establishing a Castro-style communist dictatorship. The Democrats, Representative Matt Gaetz of Florida said, want to “disarm you, empty the prisons, lock you in your home and invite MS-13 to live next door.” ”

 

How One Conference Spread the Virus to Thousands: John Donne Revisited

August 26, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , | Leave a comment

How One Conference Spread the Virus to Thousands

By Shlomo Maital

   We have consistently underestimated the degree to which the novel coronavirus is contagious and able to spread rapidly. And we keep waking up to bars, schools, universities, etc. creating new hotspots.

   Now, Angus Chen, a WBUR Boston radio reporter, reports on a new study by experts at Harvard-MIT’s Broad Institute, about how an innocent conference sponsored by biotech giant Biogen, in Cambridge MA., led to thousands of infections.

   “Early in the pandemic, state health officials counted 99 coronavirus cases stemming from a fateful Biogen meeting that turned into a superspreading event. Now, new genetic evidence suggests the infections unleashed at the Cambridge biotech company’s gathering in February washed through the Boston area and rippled across the world. Overall, the data suggests the event led to 40% of all COVID-19 infections in the Boston area as of July 1, says Bronwyn MacInnis, a viral genomicist at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and the senior author of a new, pre-publication study that attempts to trace the viral descendants of that outbreak. That translates to tens of thousands of cases.  “It’s fair to say it’s striking. [The conference] certainly has had an impact on the trajectory of the pandemic domestically and abroad,” MacInnis says. “It’s a great example of how connected we all are, and how viruses are agnostic to how they move and who they may infect. The activities that happen in one corner of a society can have far-reaching effects on others.” “

   Is there a positive message in this super-spread episode? There is.

   President Trump’s mantra, America First, revives selfish narcissistic world views, that has alienated allies abroad. And there are significant groups outside of America who embrace this me-only view.

   Along comes the virus, and recites John Donne’s 1633 poem, and teaches us anew its message:

Each is a piece of the continent,

A part of the main.

If a clod be washed away by the sea,

Europe is the less.

As well as if a promontory were.

As well as if a manor of thine own

Or of thine friend’s were.

Each man’s death diminishes me,

For I am involved in mankind

If the virus is not contained in California, Massachusetts will be at risk. If the virus is not contained in the US, then Germany is at risk. If the virus is not contained anywhere, then everywhere else is at risk.

Each person’s infection diminishes everyone else. For we are all involved and connected, in humankind.   Nature has conspired to teach us this lesson, in a most painful and costly manner.

 

You CAN get COVID-19 twice—and that’s good news!

August 25, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , | Leave a comment

You CAN get COVID-19 twice—and that’s good news!

By Shlomo Maital

Can you get the novel coronavirus twice? Get it, recover, and later get it again?

The answer is yes! And experts tell us, unexpectedly, against the odds, this is good news.

   First the evidence, from Hong Kong and South Korea:

A Hong Kong man has been infected with the novel coronavirus for a second time, researchers at the University of Hong Kong have found.  The patient had been cleared of Covid-19 and was released from hospital in April but tested positive for the virus when he returned from Spain earlier this month. The research team said the findings suggest that Covid-19 immunity does not last for long and “there is evidence that some patients have waning antibody level after a few months.”  The researchers also noted that the two virus strains contracted by the man in April and August were “clearly different.”

A similar report came from South Korea. A patient in South Korea had the virus, recovered, and four months later caught it again. This was verified.

   So this sounds AWFUL, right? Immunity is rather short-lived!

   An Israeli epidemiologist, Dr. Levi, explained on TV why this is actually good news.

     The Korean who got it again was asymptomatic. He was not ill at all. The virus CAN return – but when it does, it meets the body’s defenses, and while they are not air tight, they are strong enough to keep people from getting really sick. Kind of like the common cold, also a corona-type virus. We get colds all the time. There is no vaccine. And we recover fairly quickly.

     The Korean had the virus, twice, and it was detected. But the second time, it did not have much of a punch – not even a weak left jab.

       What we do learn from this, is that this novel coronavirus is going to be part of our lives for a rather long time, maybe forever. We will learn to adapt and live with it. Darwin said that it is not the species best suited for survival that thrive, but the species best able to adapt to rapid unexpected changes in the environment.

   We humans fit that bill. And we will adapt faster than the virus can mutate.

 

 

 

 

 

Why Do Americans and the World Hate Trump – But Israelis Love Him?

August 17, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , | Leave a comment

Why Do Americans and the World Hate Trump –   But Israelis Love Him?

By Shlomo Maital

   Let’s run the numbers. “Do you approve of President Trump?” — Some 56% of Americans disapprove; 41% approve. So a majority of Americans DO dislike Trump.

   He is divisive, deeply so, in an unprecedented manner, and on purpose. Some 91% of Republicans approve.   Only 4% of Democrats. And 34% of Independents.

   A study by the Pew Research Center asked 36,000 people in 33 countries whether they “trust Trump to do the right thing regarding world affairs”. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents said, No! Only 29% said yes.

   Trump is mistrusted even more than Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping.   Imagine that.

   The country that distrusts Trump the most? Mexico (89%!). Not surprising – “Build the wall!” was Trump’s mantra, still is…   Next to Mexico: Germany (85% distrust him). After that, Turkey (84%), Sweden (81%), and France and Spain (78%). Then: Canada (74%). The two nations that border on the US mistrust its leader heavily.

     This is to my knowledge unprecedented, that the American President, leader of the free world, is mistrusted and despised worldwide.

     Except – my country Israel. In Israel, 71% of the respondents said they trust Trump.

     Why? Why is Israel so out of step with the world?

     It’s very very simple. Trump has moved the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, recognized Israel’s annexation of the Golan Heights, and proposed a “peace plan” that royally screws the Palestinians. Israelis love this.

     What don’t they get? Israel vitally, desperately needs American support, as Russia, China and Iran wreak havoc in the Mideast. Israel needs a strong united United States, with a strong economy and cohesive democracy that is effective and competent. When the US has an Administration that is composed of kleptocratic, incompetent inexperienced Secretaries, and a President who lies only when he opens his mouth, who seeks to destroy the November election by sabotaging mail-in ballots (and he is open about this)….   Israel is in deep trouble. Trump weakens the US. A lot. And hence weakens Israel. Perhaps even existentially.

     Israel is Startup Nation, right? Are we also “Don’t get it” Nation?   I’m afraid so.   Will somebody please explain the reality to us Israelis? And soon!?

Infected? Or Infectious? The HUGE Difference!

August 16, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , | Leave a comment

Infected? Or Infectious? The HUGE Difference!

By Shlomo Maital

There is a basic problem with COVID-19 testing. And it’s NOT the number of tests alone. It’s the kind of test. It rests on a simple distinction between ‘infectious’ and ‘infected’.

   Current tests that are FDA approved use PCR – polymerase chain reaction [ a method to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. For COVID-19 tests, PCR multiples the RNA comprising the virus, if there is any, so it can be detected by a rather complex machine and its operator.] The PCR tests test for the presence of coronavirus and the results often take a long time to produce. THESE TESTS ONLY DETERMINE IF THE PERSON IS INFECTED. But they may notv be INFECTIOUS. Why? Because the viral load in their bodies may be so small, that they are really not likely to spread it. PCR tests cannot tell the difference between infectious and infected.

     New tests are on the way. They CAN test if the person has such a high load of virus, that he or she is INFECTIOUS.   These tests, developed among others by epidemiologists at Yale University, can be done at home, using a saliva test not unlike a pregnancy test. They do measure viral load, and signal whether the person is infectious.

     This is what we need. A cheap $1 test, done at home, mass produced, done daily, so each of us can tell whether we have the virus AND ARE LIKELY TO SPREAD IT TO OTHERS IF WE LEAVE OUR HOME OR POSSIBLY EVEN INFECT OTHERS AT HOME.   These tests need to be done daily.

     This distinction was explained on an excellent podcast, Ira Flatow’s Science Friday.

       Why haven’t we gotten such tests sooner? Money. These tests are developed mainly by startups and small labs. They lack the resources to accelerate development and then scale them up. And governments, like the US government, have put billions into vaccines…Operation Warp Speed – and virtually nothing into developing the kind of tests that are needed. The US Admiral who heads Operation Warp Speed keeps telling the media that “we are doing everything possible” – but he is not, and the government is not.

   Infectious? Or just Infected. Help spread the word that the difference is hugely important!

p.s. CIDD is the Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, at Penn State Univ.

Happiness, Giving, and Creativity: 3 Insights from Hidden Brain

August 14, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , , | Leave a comment

Happiness, Giving, and Creativity: 3 Insights from Hidden Brain

By Shlomo Maital

I am a big fan of a podcast, called Hidden Brain, and its founder Shankar Vedante, a Harvard psychologist. This week’s podcast is especially fascinating. It is about happiness, creativity and diversity. Here are three insights that I believe we can all learn from and apply in our lives.

  1. “materialize”.

   “Emily Balcetis, a psychology professor at New York University, knows that there’s a deep truth to these sayings. As she shows in her book Clearer, Closer, Better: How Successful People See The World, our visual system and our behavior are linked. We can use our sight, she says, to help us make better decisions and reach our goals.”

     To think concretely about the longer term, try to materialize it – make it visual, clear, detailed, pictorial. Balcetis tells this story about Michael Phelps, and the 2008 Olympics. Phelps was competing in a 200 m. event, that would break records for gold medals. At the start his goggles filled with water. He could not see. And you do need to see, to know when to do the somersault-turn. But Phelps had ‘visualized’ and ‘materialized’. He went over this eventuality in his mind much earlier, and figured out what to do, and pictured himself doing it – count strokes. He knew exactly how many strokes would get him to the end of the pool, where he had to turn around. He counted…and turned…and won.   Balcetis shows Gen Y people photos of themselves, artificially aged, to help them think materially about saving and retirement.

   Emily Balcetis, a psychology professor at New York University, knows that there’s a deep truth to these sayings. As she shows in her book Clearer, Closer, Better: How Successful People See The World, our visual system and our behavior are linked. We can use our sight, she says, to help us make better decisions and reach our goals.

 

  1. Help others. “Psychologist Elizabeth Dunn studies happiness. She says at the heart of her research is a sad idea. “Whatever we have, we tend to get used to it. So no matter how awesome our lives might be, or what wonderful things come into our lives, we tend to get used to them over time, and the pleasure that they provide gradually diminishes.”

   Dunn shows one route to happiness: Give to others, rather than to yourself. But, as Balcetis explained, “materialize”. Giving to a website won’t do it. But later in the podcaste, Vedante explains how. He cites a wonderful Canadian idea — five people can come together and sponsor a Syrian immigrant.

   “A Group of Five (G5) is five or more Canadian citizens or permanent residents who have arranged to sponsor a refugee living abroad to come to Canada. G5s may only sponsor applicants who are recognized as refugees by either the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) or a foreign state”

The G5 are responsible for the immigrant family for a full year. Not just financially – but, meeting them at the airport, bringing them to their new home, and making many arrangements for them. Hidden Brain interviews someone in Vancouver who did this —   and it brought enormous happiness.

   Contrast Canada’s G5 idea with the Trump Administration’s xenophobic policies toward hapless immigrants, including children.

Happy Money: The Science of Happier Spending by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton, 2013.

 

  1. Diversity and creativity. Vedfante’s Harvard colleague, economist Richard Freeman, studied whether teams of scientists that are culturally diverse were more creative than those that were culturally homogenous, uniform. He measured this through citations. The answer is: Absolutely yes. It’s not surprising.   We’ve always known that teams that have divergent thinking (many many ideas, from many perspectives) are more creative than convergent ideas from same-culture people.

Freeman, R. B., & Huang, W. (2014). Collaboration: Strength in diversity. Nature News, 513(7518), 305.

   I believe that creativity brings happiness. So materialize, visualize, give to others materially and in a very personal manner, and welcome diversity, seek out those very different from yourself… Hidden Brain’s recipe for happiness.  

 

No, Larry Kudlow, The Recovery Is NOT V-Shaped

August 12, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog | Tags: , , , , , | Leave a comment

No, Larry Kudlow, The Recovery Is NOT V-Shaped

By Shlomo Maital

Economic Activity in the World’s Major Economies

     ImPOTUS (Trump) has surrounded himself with a battery of sycophants, including his chief economic advisor Larry Kudlow, who continues to insist the economic recovery will be V-shaped – sharp drop, and sharp recovery. The reason this is so destructive, is that much more stimulus is needed for the US economy – but the wrong-headed view that full recovery is imminent will prevent it. It is so painful to see crackpot economists running economic policy, when the US has stadiums full of truly brilliant economists, many of them Nobel Prize winners. The price for this folly will be heavy.

   According to Bloomberg, the economic recovery – after a disastrous 40-80% decline in economic activity — has stalled, and is plateau-ing at around 80% of pre-pandemic levels.

“The recovery has stalled in major advanced economies, with some countries hitting a ceiling on activity that is below their pre-crisis levels, according to Bloomberg Economics gauges that integrate high-frequency data such as credit-card use, travel and location information. Euro-area economies such as Germany, France and Italy, along with Norway and Japan, are closest to their pre-pandemic readings, with Spain falling behind slightly. The U.K., U.S. and Canada are still far below their levels of activity at the start of the year”.

   That is actually terrible — because it means we are in a deep recession and are remaining there. Historically, when the world economy fell into recession, the US economy was the locomotive that pulled it out of the mud, with large demand on the part of American consumers.   Today, the US is run by those who reject any idea that the US has a responsibility for other nations’ wellbeing – and even if they believed they did, they are impotent.

     What is the reason? There are two. First, governments, especially in the US, do not understand that in the absence of consumer demand, only government can fill the gap, and massive amounts of spending are required to rescue the economy.   Debt-phobia (fear of public debt) is still alive and well — but if we remain stuck at 80%, even the existing debt will be tough to service, and if we can get back to 100%, the higher debt will be repaid from new revenues generated. Second, people are scared, uncertain (justifiably so), and are not spending. 

     People are not stupid. They see the weak government policies, and the US political deadlock – and hang on to their money. Even when restaurants do open, people are simply not going to eat in them. They understand that 80% far better than many economists and leaders.  They fell it on their flesh.

     The message here is – if you are fortunate enough to have current income, and not everyone does, set aside a portion of it, because you will need it in future.   I have been telling people this for years, in good times, and now, in bad times, it is still valid, because the bad times can persist or get even worse.

The End of Everything – But…Not For Several Billion Years!

August 11, 2020 in Global Crisis Blog, Innovation Blog | Tags: , , , , , | Leave a comment

The End of Everything – But…Not For Several Billion Years!

By Shlomo Maital

Katie Mack, North Carolina State U

    For many, the current pandemic does seem like the end of the world, at least as we know it. In both Israel and the US, a distressingly high proportion of people suffer from some form of post-trauma. 

     It is not the end of the world, of course — but it is still interesting to read what an expert, a cosmologist, thinks about the universe, of which our world is a tiny part, will end someday. Prof. Katie Mack has written a fine book about, The End of Everything (Scribner, 2020).  She was interviewed on Ira Flatow’s fine podcast Science Friday (NPR).

   So here are a few ways the universe will end.  In several billion years.

  • Expand into nothingness: We now know the universe is expanding outward, faster and faster, thanks to ‘dark energy’ (an energy source which we do not understand…yet). [“Wendy Freedman determined space to expand, so that for every 3.3 million light years further away from the earth you are, matter is moving away from earth 72 kilometers a second faster.] If it continues to expand forever…then in billions of years, the universe will expand into….nothingness.  
  • Implode into a new Big Bang.   Some 13.6 billion years ago, the universe imploded into a tiny space smaller than an atom, much smaller: and then exploded, becoming the Big Bang.   This could happen again. At some point, the universe may stop expanding, we’re not sure why or how – and then stop expanding, and start contracting, moving inward…and…. Wham, another Big Bang. Perhaps there has been an infinite number of such Big Bangs….explosion, implosion…. Etc.
  • A voracious bubble:     We do not understand why, in the Big Bang, there was not the creation of equal amounts of matter and anti-matter. (There is far far more matter than anti-matter – e.g. an electron is ‘matter’, a positron, with a plus charge, is anti-matter. And there are huge amounts of dark matter, matter we cannot see or explain, because otherwise the forces of gravity cannot be explained).   The laws of physics are thus violated. Somewhere there may be a ‘Hungry Bubble’ – a tiny place in the universe where the laws of physics are different… and this bubble may begin swallowing matter, sucking matter into the bubble and destroying it….      

       In this pandemic, humankind has learned a great deal of humility. We have been defeated so far by a few strands of RNA. Another dose of humility comes from cosmology. We humans on Planet Earth are just the tiniest of inconsequential specks, in this enormous universe, which grows larger and larger every second, as it expands. Life on Earth (if any remains) will end when our sun explodes in a few billion years. And long long after that, as Katie Mack shows, the entire universe will end…

     …but we don’t know how.

And: a small excerpt from one of the many sterling reviews:

     “ Astrophysicist Katie Mack provides insight into the myriad ways in which the world could end, extinguishing life in the process, and despite the topic being a morbid and sobering one I found it absolutely riveting, extensively researched and accessible throughout; it really is a rarity that a science book can have you so enthralled by what you are reading. It explores five different ways the universe could end and the wondrous physics, big questions, and mind-blowing lessons underlying them with each being discussed thoroughly and all being deeply interesting concepts to read about, if not a little scary.”

 

Blog entries written by Prof. Shlomo Maital

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